Research Article

TEACHER CLASSROOM INSTRUCTIONAL DELIVERY; A NEXUS AT IMPROVING STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Josephine Masara JOSHUA1*, Zainab Ololade ADEWALE2, Ngozi UBENDU3
1 Department of Educational Foundations, Federal University of Education, Zaria, Nigeria
2 Faculty of Technology Education, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna
3 Department of Educational Foundations, Federal University of Education Zaria, Nigeria
* Corresponding author: josephinejoshua53@gmail.com
Published: Jun, 2026
Pages: 187-193
Views: 20
Downloads: 10

Abstract

This paper examines the role of quality teacher classroom delivery as a critical factor in enhancing learners’academic performance in the 21st century. It also highlights that teacher quality, encompassing professionalcompetence, pedagogical skills, classroom management, and motivation, remains one of the strongestdeterminants of learners’ success. The paper identifies challenges such as inadequate professional training, lackof instructional resources, large class sizes, and insufficient policy support, which often hinder effective classroomdelivery. The paper emphasises that quality teaching catalyzes the acquisition of 21st-century skills and improvedacademic outcomes. It recommends strengthening continuous professional development, integrating ICT intoinstruction, adopting learner-centred methodologies, motivating teachers through improved welfare, andenhancing the provision of instructional resources. It concludes that investing in quality teacher classroom deliveryis indispensable for academic excellence and for equipping learners with the skills needed to thrive in a rapidlychanging global environment.

Keywords

Classroom Delivery Learners and Academic Performance.

References

  1. Abdulbaqi, S. Z., Isiaq, A. T., Balogun, O. S., Ibrahim, A. K., & Tejideen, T. O. (2025). Sociological assessment of operating AI and re-thinking capacity of undergraduate students in Southwestern Nigeria. Indian Journal of International Studies, 5(1), 37-58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15833644
  2. Abdullahi, H. A., Oba, A. I., & Suleiman, A. (2022). Effectiveness of demonstration-brainstorming on students' performance in agricultural science. Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 2(2), 92–97.
  3. Adeosun, O. (2018). Teacher Quality and Classroom Effectiveness in the 21st Century Education. University of Lagos Press.
  4. Afe, J. O. (2021). Reflections on Becoming a Teacher and the Challenges of Teacher Education. Inaugural Lecture Series 64, University of Benin.
  5. Akinsolu, A. O. (2010). Teachers and students' academic performance in Nigerian Secondary Schools: Implications for planning. Florida Journal of Educational Administration & Policy, 3(2), 86–103.
  6. Akpan, C., & Umobong, M. E. (2019). Teacher Classroom Practices and Students' Academic Achievement in Secondary Schools. Journal of Education and Practice, 10(5), 45–52.
  7. Bates (2019). Teaching in a Digital Age: Guidelines for Designing Teaching and Learning. Tony Bates Associates Ltd.
  8. Bell, S. (2010). Project-based learning for the 21st century: Skills for the future. The Clearing House, 83(2), 39-43.
  9. Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2019). Developing the theory of formative assessment. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 21(1), 5–31.
  10. Blatchford, P., Bassett, P., & Brown, P. (2011). Examining the effect of class size on classroom engagement and teacher–pupil interaction: Differences in relation to pupil prior attainment and primary vs. secondary schools. Learning and Instruction, 21(6), 715–730.
  11. Darling-Hammond, L. (2010). The flat world and education: How America's commitment to equity will determine our future. Teachers College Press.
  12. Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teacher education around the world: What can we learn from international practice? European Journal of Teacher Education, 40(3), 291–309.
  13. Darling-Hammond, L. (2022). Teacher quality and student achievement: A review of state policy evidence. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 8(1), 1–44.
  14. Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., & Gardner, M. (2017). Effective teacher professional development. Learning Policy Institute.
  15. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2022). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behaviour. Psychological Inquiry, 21(4), 227–268.
  16. Fatai, K., Oba, A. I., Muhammed, A. O., Afolabi, K. O., Shuaib, S. B., & Jimoh, S. B. (2021). Teachers' perception on factors affecting effective teaching and learning of agricultural science in secondary schools in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. African Journal of Science, Technology and Mathematics Education, 7(2), 88–94.
  17. Ghazvini, S. D., & Khajehpour, M. (2011). Attitudes and motivation in learning English as a second language in high school students. Procedia – Social and Behavioural Sciences, 15(1), 1209–1213.
  18. Hijazi, S. T., & Naqvi, S. M. M. R. (2019). Factors affecting student's performance: A case of private colleges. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology, 3(1), 1–10.
  19. Hornby, A. S. (2012). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (8th ed.). Oxford University Press.
  20. Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2019). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017–1054.
  21. Nuhu, K. M., Oba, A. I., Alabi, O. A., Lawal, M. A., Adewuyi, A. S., & Olumorin, C. O. (2026). Effect of artificial intelligence tools on achievement in complex STEM concepts among senior secondary school students in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Federal University Gusau Faculty of Education Journal, 6(3), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.64348/zijc.2026383
  22. Obiakor, M. I & Oguejiofor, C. N (2020) Impact of Classroom Size on Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Enugu North Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. African Journal of Educational Management, Teaching and Entrepreneurship Studies, 1(1).
  23. Ogunyemi, B. (2020). Challenges of teacher effectiveness in Nigerian classrooms. African Journal of Education, 12(2), 112–124.
  24. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2020). Education in the Digital World: OECD Policy Perspectives. OECD Publishing.
  25. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2019). Future of education and skills: Education 2030. OECD Publishing.
  26. Selwyn (2016). Education and Technology: Key Issues and Debates. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  27. Shuaib, S. B., Adesanya, E. O., Oba, A. I., Afolabi, K. O., & Jimoh, S. B. (2023). Assessing agricultural literacy among senior school students in Kwara, Nigeria: Implication for educational interventions. Indonesian Journal of Curriculum and Educational Technology Studies, 11(1), 1–8.
  28. Stronge, J. H. (2018). Qualities of effective teachers (3rd ed.). ASCD.
  29. Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2019). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. Jossey-Bass.
  30. UNESCO. (2016). Education 2030: Incheon declaration and framework for action for the implementation of SDG 4. UNESCO.
  31. Usop, A. M., Askandar, D. K., Kadtong, M. L., & Usop, D. A. S. O. (2013). Work performance and job satisfaction among teachers. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(5), 245–252.
  32. Vescio, V., Ross, D., & Adams, A. (2019). A review of research on the impact of professional learning communities on teaching practice and student learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(1), 80–91.
  33. Voogt, J., & Roblin, N. P. (2012). A comparative analysis of international frameworks for 21st century competences: Implications for national curriculum policies. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 44(3), 299–321.
  34. Yusuf, M. O., & Adigun, J. T. (2010). Integrating information and communication technologies in Nigerian tertiary education. The African Symposium, 10(2), 75–87.
How to Cite

JOSHUA, J. M., ADEWALE, Z. O., & UBENDU, N. (2026). TEACHER CLASSROOM INSTRUCTIONAL DELIVERY; A NEXUS AT IMPROVING STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY. Journal of Educational Research and Development, 21(1), 187-193.

J. M. JOSHUA, Z. O. ADEWALE, and N. UBENDU, "TEACHER CLASSROOM INSTRUCTIONAL DELIVERY; A NEXUS AT IMPROVING STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY," Journal of Educational Research and Development, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 187-193, June 2026.

Share this article:
Facebook X / Twitter LinkedIn
Download PDF View Full Text (PDF) Back to Articles